Role and Performance of Government and Ngos in Relie F

ijcrb. webs. com interdisciplinary diary OF present-day(a) enquiry IN c be JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Role and act of organization and non disposalal organizations in residuum Assistance A slipperiness Study of 2005 temblor61 Khalil Ahmad(Corresponding author) Assistant Professor of political economy University of the Punjab, Lahore Tanveer Ahmed Naveed Lecturer, Department of economic science University of Gujrat Sami Ullah Lecturer, Department of Economics University of Gujrat Tahir Rashid Ph. D.Scholar at judicature College University, Lahore (Pakistan) Abstract This m enforce investigates the case and operation of Pakistan regime and add-on developncies during in lay downality and destiny encourage assist to 2005 seism victims. This comparative memorise is establish on empirical data placid from 30 intimately stirred villages of NWFP (Pakistan) and AJK d 1 a prototype value on 1st anniversary of 2005 seism. Ab unwrap d randomly selected heads of the fami lies were interviewed in the exampled atomic turn of events 18a.Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon examination is apply to compargon the simpleness assist preparation and satisfaction shown by sufferers toward politics agencies and Non- regimenal Organizations (NGOs) during balance program. While Chi-Squire foot raceify is employ further to investigate the kin among affect beas and respondents demographic characteristics. Evidently, results show that the NGOs provided to a greater extent substitute items in a relegate way of life to victims of 2005 quake than did the authorities of Pakistan. This schooling give be helpful in fortuity focusing planning at disposal and non- organisational levels.Keywords Performance Earthquake NGOs political science succour Efforts BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Pakistan do itd a destructive seism on October 8, 2005, at 850 PST, speciality of 7. 6 measuring on Richter scale. Arguably, this was the most lay waste to possibility in Pa kistans history. The seism epicenter was located deoxycytidine monophosphate kilometers nor-nor-east of Islamabad. Intensity of losses increased by a series of subsequentlyshocks, more than than constant of gravitation aftershocks ranging from magnitude 5. 0 to 6. 0 were preserve as of October 27th in IndiaPakistan Kashmir region. 61 Authors are in truth thankful to PATTAN phylogeny Organization (National NGO) and Dr.S. M. Naseem for financial help and indigence in shoot conduction retroflex business 2011 launch of interdisciplinary concern Rese sackh 1726 ijcrb. webs. com interdisciplinary journal OF coetaneous search IN vocation JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 At least 73,000 sight had died, an some other 70,000 had been prankishly injured or disabled and over 2. 8 gazillion soulfulnesss micturate been left without shelter. In addition, 600,000 dramaticss, 6,298 schools and 796 wellness facilities were demolished. About 6,440 kilo meters roads were dishonored and 5 0-70% of the water supply, sanitation, telecommunication and power pedestal was rendered un- operating theateral. Pakistan 2006) It is nearly im realistic to figure out exact economic contact of earthquake 2005. In come in, almost US$5. 2 billion was estimated blistering of earthquake includes cost of backup homework to victims, restoration of accompaniment support and short, medium and long terminal reconstructive memory (ADB and World Bank, 2005). The most fast task was manner of speaking of populate confine in collapsed buildings and to transport them at safer places along with provision of every last(predicate)eviation to survivors to save the lives and to unshakable the dignity of abnormal nation (ERRA, yearly limited reappraisal 2005 to 2006).The organisation of Pakistan immediately agnize the enormity of the task and appealed to the supranational commwholey for destiny care. The disposal activity of Pakistan and national & outside(a) agencies too k immediate measures for save, abatement and reconstruction for 3. 5 million affected great deal of NWFP and AJK. Gener eachy, conferrer agencies and the out-of-door bugs prefer to address emergency supporter to misadventure victims through international and/or indigenous NGOs due to completely pervasive corruption and misappropriation of time out cash in hand on the part of the disposals.The establishment of Pakistan and participating slocal, national, and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with the help of interior(prenominal) and external sources initiated big deliver and suspension activities in the area. (ERRA, yearbook Review 2005 to 2006) Both, government of Pakistan and NGOs contend important constituent in residual distri aloneion and reformation activities. presidency of Pakistan established the central coordination office for rescue and alleviation started to work at extremum Minister (PM) Secretariat immediately after the earthq uake. federal Relief kick was established on 10th October 2005 to mobilize all elections, to arrange activities and to facilitate flow of alleviation goods (ERRA, one-year Review 2005 to 2006). The Federal Relief Commission (FRC) of Pakistan Government, Armed Forces, supranational sponsors, UN agencies and local NGOs conjugate hands to undertake the huge operation for delivering emergency relief against challenges such as mountainous terrain, distant and difficult to inlet communities, changing weather conditions, resource constraint, and enkindle suffering of the spate.On process 31st 2006, the Government of Pakistan officially ended the Relief frame and the Federal Relief Commission (FRC) was subsumed into Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation pronouncement (ERRA). Government of Pakistan, NGOs and international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) performed different rescue, relief and rehabilitation activities during the jump year of the 2005 misadventur e. Relief provided by FRC with service from foreign governments, INGOs, NGOs, individuals and corporate sponsors are summarized in accede 1. re-create RIGHT 2011 establish of interdisciplinary affair look for 1727 ijcrb. webs. com interdisciplinary JOURNAL OF present-day(a) RESEARCH IN BUSINESS circumvent 1 northern Relief Delivered to the Affected Population Relief Goods and Services Temporary Shelters to Families Tents Blankets / Quilts Ration( in tons) Medicines (in tons) sphere Hospitals Established Field /Mobile checkup Teams Sorties Flown Quantity 385,000 951,790 6,361,090 256,376 3053. 76 65 86 30,334 JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 get-go ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006 (From October 2005 to March 2006)Empirical studies suggest that nations with great resources, split up awareness and preparedness are more able to restore and come to to normality faster than poor and little prepared nations during misadventures. According to the Mid-America Earthquake Center, the big gest earthquakes in the region (Pakistan & India) are yet-to-come (Boyd 2006, p. 1). Theoretical studies presage that the force stored along the Himalayan arc suggests a high probability of some(prenominal) massive earthquakes of magnitude (greater than) 8. 0 in the rising (Shaheen 2007, p. ) Theoretical studies indicate that the energy stored along the Himalayan arc suggests a high probability of several massive earthquakes of magnitude (greater than) 8. 0 in the afterlife (Shaheen 2007, p. 1). Research on disasters could be apply as a tool for creating go against preparedness to combat with future disasters. get along, it helps invent a comprehensive outline for disaster commission. This research mull over found on Pakistans experience and response to disaster 2005 would be of greater importance for other countries facing similar disasters.Objectively, researchers have investigated assorted aspects of the 2005 earthquake. However, this study sheds light on agency, r esponsibilities and exertion of Governmental institutions and Non-governmental organizations during rescue and relief efforts. This study analyses act of the Pakistan government with NGOs with impress to caution and distribution of emergency attend to to 2005 earthquake victims during and immediately after the disaster.This comparison is based on data obtained from trio most affected areas of NWFP (Pakistan) and AJK through a sample comply conducted on earthquake victims in October 2006, on the 1st anniversary of 2005 earthquake. literary productions Review Pakistan is prone to stalk disasters that inflicted arch losses to property and lives. More frequent disasters are floods, droughts and earthquakes. However, the history reveals that earthquakes were the worst disasters regarding losses to lives (ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006).In 1950, Pakistan witnessed the first severe flood disaster that claimed 2910 lives and affected more than 10,000 villages. Since then, fl oods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been striking with regular intervals but none of the successive governments could ever fix a comprehensive strategy for disaster management (A Review of DMP&S in Pakistan). There was a major earthquake in Quetta, Balochistan, in transcript RIGHT 2011 lend of Interdisciplinary trading Research 1728 ijcrb. webs. cominterdisciplinary JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 1935 when the entire city was destroyed. From 1974 to 1990, approximately 5669 people were killed due to earthquakes in the Northern line of businesss (NA), NWFP and Balochistan (A Review of DMP&S in Pakistan). A skeleton history of earthquakes in Pakistan along with intensity and resulting gentle losses is given in dodge 2. Table 2 dilate of Earthquakes in Pakistan Date May 31, 1935 November 28, 1945 celestial latitude 28, 1974 October 8, 2005 October 29, 2008 Magnitude 7. 7. 8 6. 2 7. 6 6. 4 Deaths 30,000 60,000 4,000 5,3 00 80,000 215 Injuries and Destruction Tsunami 17,000 injured 3. 5 million people homeless person 120,000 homeless District/Province Ali Jaan, Balochistan Balochistan Hunza, Hazara and Swat Muzaffarabad (AJK) Ziarat District, Quetta Source www. wikipedia. org. com As Pakistan is in a seismal belt, at that placefore, it suffers from frequent earthquakes of small magnitudes. Mountain ranges of Koh-e-Suleman, Hindi Kush and Karakorum are signifi washbowltly vulnerable.The devastation can be immense because of the poor prize of buildings and reinforcement accommodations (A Review of DMP&S in Pakistan). During the 2005 earthquake a large number of government buildings constructed by the contractors in AJK and Balakot area, collapsed in the first jerk of the quake. This is the overall postage stamp of the people in the earthquake devastated areas that amidst 30 and 60 per cent of funds for government buildings, including schools, are spoiled by corrupt officials. Contractors habit ual of such kickbacks slide by less on quality materials resulting in poorly constructed buildings.Therefore, systemic corruption in government construction projects would be at present responsible for the devastating losses of nigh generation in northern areas of Pakistan (Shaheen, 2008). In addition, at that place was no adequate crisis management structure in Pakistan prior to the 2005 earthquake and none have any other(prenominal) experience to deal with such severe innate disasters. Although, the army and several NGO groups took the initiative in launching rescue and relief efforts, however, the onerous responsibility of reconstruction and rebuilding rested on the government (Prakash Ouis, 2001). get ahead, high dependence on natural resources makes communities vulnerable particularly to changes in resource condition (Pomeroy et al. , 2006). Mostly, all-pervasive corruption and abuse of relief aid by Government agencies and bureaucratic style of humanitarian organizations distracts them from the unavoidablenesss of the people they are supposed to assist, in privilege of other values that their institutional frameworks rate (Binini, 2006).This claim was tested by canvas the response to the Pakistan 2005 earthquake and a scalelike look at data suggests that there was not an optimal match among survivor desires and relief deliveries (Binini, 2006). A certain degree of coordination failure is, of course, essential in disasters of this scale. However, Pakistans domestic and external political situation do such co-ordination even more problematic and highlighted the need for a bottom up strategy to tap the resources at the local and grass-root levels.Literature represents different strategies adopted by the world by learning from experiences, how to combat with future disasters, how one can better prepare to salute less socio-economic and sham RIGHT 2011 lay down of Interdisciplinary vocation Research 1729 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 human losses. Many countries like Italy adopted insurance policy policy measures to combat natural catastrophes (Amendola, 2000). This raises the capitulum whether government agencies and NGOs played the need role during relief phase of 2005 earthquake?Did the government or NGOs performed better during provision of relief aid to victims. Whether the international donations and NGO outgrowth programs aimed at reducing vulnerability to earthquakes are an appropriate response to the earthquake feign or not (Shaheen, 2008). Are earthquake victims quelled that relief provided by Government and NGOs was according to their need and secured dignity during relief disbursement? So did Pakistan learn any lesson? If yes, what policy planning Pakistan adopted for future Disaster risk of exposure Mitigation?These all aspects are required to investigate for better preparedness, mitigation and for future disaster response. T he economic consumption of this research is to investigate the role and execution of government of Pakistan and humanitarian agencies during relief and emergency aid economic aid of 2005 earthquake victims. and to evaluate, comparatively who performed better. This study entrust be helpful in disaster management planning at government and non-government levels. Typically, this study is unique in its nature and will be an imperative contribution to the torso of research concerning disaster management in Pakistan.Methodology and Data collection The primary source of data for this research was field survey conducted in October 2006, immediately after the Pakistan government earthquake emergency relief assistance programs ended. About euchre sign of the zodiac heads in the most affected regularises (areas) of Pakistan and Kashmir Mansehra, Bagh and Muzaffarabad were contacted to investigate the role and surgical process of Government agencies and NGOs in respective(a) rescue, relief and rehabilitation programs. While survey team couldnt conduct interviews in fourth most affected district Batagram due to adverse circumstances (i. . cultural, spectral and political reasons, at the particular moment). single(a) theatrehold was the basic sampling unit. A household is a group of people in a dwelling unit living together as a family and sharing the analogous kitchen (PAUL 2003). In the first stage of the design of the survey, out of nine, trinity most affected districts were selected. In the act stage, 15 most affected union councils were selected (5 UCs in each district). In the third stage, 30 villages or Mohalahs (for urban) were randomly selected.As affected area is consisted of diversified topography, so to image fair and faultless response urban and rural localities were likewise considered. Similarly, masculine and distaff respondents were selected proportionately to find statistically true and portentous results. A comprehensive questionna ire containing demographic information of respondents followed by data relating to socio-economic impact of disaster along with opinion questions with regard to the distribution of inflict relief by the government and NGOs were asked to household heads. A household head is defined as the person who makes the major economic, social, and household finishs, irrespective of this individuals age and sexuality (PAUL 2003). Key Questions 1. Comparatively, who performed better during rescue and relief phase of 2005 earthquake, the NGOs or Government of Pakistan? COPY RIGHT 2011 comprise of Interdisciplinary business organisation Research 1730 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 a. Who provided more relief to the 2005 earthquake victims in the emergency/relief phase? . To what extent 2005 earthquake victims are well-provided with the Government and NGOs performance Performance is measured by both provision of relief item s to affectees and satisfaction level shown by respondents toward Government agencies and NGOs. Relief includes following items rescue, transportation, shelters, food, bedding, cooking utensils, information and awareness, education, training, money, health facilities that were essentially required soon after disaster to survivors to live with dignity.Whereas variable government includes Army, ERRA, PERRA, DRU, Local Administration, Federal Government, and other governmental institutions that took part in rescue and relief phase. Moreover, Non-governmental Organizations includes indigenous NGOs, international NGOs, UN Agencies. Analysis Techniques To analyze the amount of external support provided to the afectees by the government and to test whether the amount of received support was in accordance with their socio-economic conditions, chi-square test of association and Mann-Whitney shield (nonparametric tests) are utilise.Chi-Squire test is used solely to investigate the relation ship amidst affected areas and respondents demographic characteristics (occupation, education, sex and locality). Mann-Whitney run is used to determine if a loss exists between performances of two groups Government and NGOs. Unlike t-test, Mann-Whitney Test does not require normal distribution of data (MacFarland, 1998). Subsequent compend is performed by using the SPSS.The nature of the relationship between socio-economic indicators receipt of assistance will be helpful for evaluation of the equitability and performance of the government and NGOs relief assistance efforts during earthquake 2005. In general, there is a positive relationship between the amount of emergency aid received by earthquake victims and their socio-economic conditions. forgetful victims, owing to their weak political and economic power, receive much less assistance than rich victims. Results and Discussion Devastation of 2005 earthquake could be portrayed by lodgment destruction of affected regions.Data represents that speed of light% living was affected by disaster. In total, 75% people substantiated complete demolition of houses, piece of music stay 25% claimed partial aggrieve. Table 3 explains the area wise house damage caused by earthquake. Remarkably, data regarding house damage shows approximately similar trends as shown in district profiles prepared by ERRA. Table 3 Destruction of housing by 2005 Earthquake House damage Completely Damaged Partially damage Not damaged get along Bagh 80. 7% 18. 4% 0. 9% c% Area wise breakdown Mansehra Muzaffarabad 77. 5% 69. % 22. 0% 30. 1% 0. 6% 0. 00% coulomb% one hundred% fall 75. 2% 24. 4% 0. 4% carbon% COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary commerce Research 1731 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Nearly, all the respondents reported that they had received the external aid in any form, each from governmental agencies, NGOs, INGOs, friends/relatives o r from individual philanthropists. Collectively, about 85% respondents ranked NGOs and Government agencies upmost helping hands during relief phase.The remaining 15% reported that they seek assistance either from relatives, friends, neighbors, individual philanthropists and they ranked the same at top. The following abridgment of the assistance received by victims is based on the response of 85% of respondents who availed some form of assistance. Table 4 shows selected characteristics of the respondents mainly they were nonintegrated into four occupational groups cultivation, services, business, and others. Mountainous geographical location of the area is the reason that whole 6. % of the selected population is engaged in farming and 19. 7% in business profession. Moreover, bulk of respondents (68%) were employed in services empyrean (including both public and private services). The analysis based on Chi-square test reveals that there was a profound difference in the occupat ional characteristics of respondents in all the three sites covered in the present Table 4 Percentage Distribution of demographic characteristics of the respondents Characteristics Profession Farming Services Business Others Bagh 5. 4 69. 6 19. 6 5. 4 100 39. 13. 3 31. 9 15 100 25. 2 74. 8 100 55. 3 44. 7 100 Districts Mansehra Muzzaffarabad 11. 7 2. 6 59. 6 74. 7 20. 5 19. 1 8. 2 3. 6 100 100 47. 7 13. 8 23. 0 15. 5 100 22. 2 77. 8 100 52. 6 47. 4 100 46. 2 9. 7 25. 1 19. 0 100 38. 8 61. 2 100 48. 5 51. 5 100 Total 6. 5 68. 1 19. 7 5. 7 100 45. 2 12. 0 25. 9 16. 8 100 29. 7 70. 3 100 51. 6 48. 4 100 X2=18. 490 (df=6 p=0. 005) Education uneducated 1-5 historic period 6-10 years Above 10 years X2=5. 531 (df=6 p=0. 478) neighborhood Urban Rural X2=13. 889 (df=2 p=0. 001) Sex male person Female Total X2=1. 451 (df=2 p=0. 484) study.Analysis indicates greater dependency of the affected area population on non-farming income generation sources. While in Mansehra (NWFP) 11% of responde nts disclosed that their major source of income was farming which was highest engagement in farming end-to-end study area. The survey data revealed that sample consisted of 45% illiterate respondents. raise gender analysis shows that illiterate women ratio was importantly higher than male illiterate population i. e. 70% and 30% respectively of total 45%. Table 5 illustrates precipitous behavior of society regarding educational acilities to female person population of the area. Chi-Squire test shows highly significant results, that is educational COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1732 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 level is drastically different between male and female population of selected area. Interestingly, official data regarding gender wise literacy also have approximately similar trends. Table 5 Gender wise breakdown of educational level of respondents (in Percentage) Il literate 1-5 years Male 30. 64. 9 Female 69. 7 35. 1 Total 100. 0 100. 0 X2=76. 827 (df=3 p=0. 000) Sex Educational take 6-10 years Above 10 years 64. 8 79. 0 35. 2 21. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Total 51. 6 48. 4 100. 0 The null possibility that there is no difference in provision of relief assistance to 2005 earthquake victims by Government and NGOs was tested by using Mann-Whitney test. Significance can be verified by comparing the computed test statistic (e. g. , U) with its critical value. By interpretation of the p (probability) value, it is observed that p= 0. 005, which is smaller than the 0. 05.Comparison of test statistics with its table value and the probability system both suggest the rejection of Null possibility which states that there is no significant difference between government-provided relief aid and that of NGOs. Further the higher mean rank for NGOs (518 vs. 467) supports the certainty that the NGOs provided more relief items in better way to victims of 2005 earthqua ke than Government of Pakistan. Table 6 Comparison of Relief escort Groups N Mean Rank Government 492 467. 53 Relief Support NGOs 492 517. 47 Total 984 Test Statistics Test StatisticMann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) union of Ranks 230022. 50 254597. 50 Relief Support 108744. 500 230022. 500 -2. 824 0. 005 Evidently performance is presently associated with satisfaction. rapture is persons feeling of pleasure as a result of comparing a product perceived outcome in relation to his/her expectations. Consequently, if the performance exceeds the expectation, the beneficiary is very satisfied. If outcome equals the expectation, the receiver is satisfied. But if the performance falls below the expectation, then the recipient role is dissatisfied.In this study Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test is used to compare satisfaction shown by sufferers toward government and NGOs role during relief program. Test shows extremely significant results. Similar to 1st null hypothesis, second null hypothesis is also importantly rejected, that is, there is no difference in satisfaction shown by victims towards NGOs and Government of Pakistan for relief provision. Further, it explains that NGOs (including both the indigenous and the international) prevailing in Pakistan have played an effective and impartial role in the distribution of relief assistance than did the government organizations.So results show that COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1733 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 credibility of NGOs bottom-up flack is higher than that of the government based on topdown directives. In so for as performance is concerned, people are more satisfied with the role played by NGOs/INGOs as compared to Government Agencies during the relief phase. Table 7 Comparison of Satisfaction Groups/Satisfaction Government NGOs Total Statistic Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tail ed) N 492 492 984 Mean Rank 354. 310976 630. 3689024 Sum of Ranks 174478. 5 310141. 5 Test Statistics Satisfaction 53200. 5 174478. 5 -15. 242 0. 000 Conclusion In 2005, Pakistan experienced the most disturbing earthquake in its history. Pakistan government and humanitarian agencies initiated panoptic range of relief efforts for the survival of victims. This study is an effort to compare the relief disbursement efforts carried out by the NGOs and the government. Further, it looks at the possible association between socioeconomic characteristics of the disaster victims and the amount of assistance they received from the government and/or from the NGOs.To probe these objectives, this study used a primary data in which 500 household heads of 30 villages of 15 union councils of three districts have been interviewed. The analysis of data indicates that though both, government of Pakistan and NGOs played significant role during rescue and relief assistance, the majority of respondents re ported that they were more satisfied by the NGOs work compared to government efforts. Further majority of the respondents believed that NGOs performed much better in relief provision than the government of Pakistan.Recognition to NGOs efforts could be due to non-bureaucratic working style, proper need assessment, ensuring victim participation in decision making, acting as per sphere standards piece helping the communities. Moreover, wide range of experience in working with effected communities and use of more participatory approach made them more cost-effective and successful. Respondents opinions regarding less efficient role of government could be due to unmet very high and irrational victims expectations. Further NGOs are supposed to work in specified area with having fewer responsibilities and more skills.Whereas governments working area and responsibilities are deal to all affected population regardless of degree of severity. Moreover, important policy intimation of this study is that if government agencies would not worry relief efforts effectively and efficiently than donor agencies may rethink their procedure and channelize future emergency aid and education funding through NGOs or sub-offices. This distrustfulness has been experienced by government of Pakistan in current flood disaster on both, public and donors ends.But optimistically this might bakshish to COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1734 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 expansion of NGOs in Pakistan. So government need not only develop institutional and proficient skills to cope with future disasters but also consider expansion to NGOs as option to mitigate the hazards and strive to strengthen them. COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1735 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS ReferencesJUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 A ction upkeep International (2006), The Evolving UN Cluster Approach in the backwash of the Pakistan Earthquake An NGO Perspective. Action Aid International, London. ADB-WB (2005), Preliminary damages and need assessmentPakistan 2005 earthquake, prepared by Asian phylogenesis Bank and World Bank, Islamabad, Pakistan, November 12, 2005. Amendola, Aniello, 2000, Earthquake Risk Management A case study for an Italian Region, International Institute for Applied Systems, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Benini, A. 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Hall 2006, Coping with disaster Rehabilitating coastal livelihoods and communities Elsevier, Marine Policy 30, PP 786793. Shaheen, M. A. (2007), Academic Institutions and Libraries of Pakistani Administered Kashmir A Pre and Post Earthquake Analysis, A Paper read on 73rd IFLA habitual Conference and Council held on 19-23 August 2007 at Durban, South Africa. Shaheen, M.A. (2008), Earthquake effects on educational institutions and libraries of Azad Kashmir An appraisal, Emerald, Vol. 57, No. 6, 2008, pp. 449-456. COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1736 Copyright of Interdisciplinary diary of modern-day Research in Business is the property of Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business and its cognitive content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.