Advanced Database Management System Project Essay

INTRODUCTION Background of the Study This study is about the grading system in English of grade thee to grade six students of Tambo Munti Kulit Elemantary School, under the guidance of Mrs. Gina G. Espineli, teacher of English. The school is located at barangay Tambo Munti Kulit, Indang, Cavite. The public school is also under the Department of Education (well-known as DepEd). VISION Tambo Munti Kulit Elementary School is committed to educate the youth of Cavite for the new millennium, to exercise dynamic, proactive and innovative leadership It shall be a school wherein leaders are developed to become competent and responsible members of the Filipino society; equipped with maximum potentials so that they shall be valued and respected in the global community; responsive to the demands of a technologically advancing society; and who are above all, humane and morally upright. It shall continuously serve by its philosophy of â€Å"Quality Education for All† and shall always be guided by its goal of â€Å"living up to a national culture of excellence†. MISSION Tambo Munti Kulit Elementary school is committed to provide knowledge and values necessary for the attainment of higher academic performance. It will provide youth and adults with habits and skills needed for life-long learning and deliver effective services for the common good. Problems addressed by the DBMS Pre-DBMS Typographical Error: Misspelled words caused by rapid input of data as they have to pass it to the higher department as soon as urgent. Time-wasting: It can take a while to manually add or search data. Improper classification of data: It is difficult to sort lots of data into groups. Misplace of Data: There are some cases that the records can be lost or misplaced making it hard to retrieve. Limited: They cannot create back-ups, as they have to take it a long time. Not Secured: There’s only one authorized room to place all of data. Current DBMS Crashing program and cannot be retrieved: One of the problems that is caused by bugs. Slow process of data: This is due to low memory (mostly hardware problems) Typographical Error: Misspelled words caused by rapid input of data as they have to pass it to the higher department as soon as urgent. Creator of the System The Grading system is provided by the Department of Education The Department of Education was established through the Education Decree of 1863 as the Superior Commission of Primary Instruction under a Chairman. The Education agency underwent many reorganization efforts in the 20th century in order to better define its purpose vis a vis the changing administrations and charters. The present day Department of Education was eventually mandated through Republic Act 9155, otherwise known as the Governance of Basic Education act of 2001 which establishes the mandate of this agency. The Department of Education (DepEd) formulates, implements, and coordinates policies, plans, programs and projects in the areas of formal and non-formal basic education. It supervises all elementary and secondary education institutions, including alternative learning systems, both public and private; and provides for the establishment and maintenance of a complete, adequate, and integrated system of basic educat ion relevant to the goals of national development. The Grading System in English consists the following: Quizzes: 15% Recitation: 20% Performance: 15% Theme: 10% Homework: 5% Project: 10% ————————————————- Periodical Exam: 25% Total: 100% Improvements with the use of the DBMS DESIGN AND CODING Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) Relational Schema Queries used Query| Description| select* from tblstudent;| displays all data from tbl student| select* from tblquizzes;| displays all data from tblquizzes| select* from tblhomework;| displays all data from tblhomework| select* from tbltheme;| displays all data from tbltheme| select* from tblothers;| displays all data from tblothers| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblquizzes.quiz_no as â€Å"Quiz Number†, tblquizzes.grade as â€Å"Grade† from tblstudent inner join tblquizzes on tblstudent.sid=tblquizzes.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, together with its quizzes( quiz number and the grade)| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblhomework.homework_no as â€Å"Homework Number†, tblhomework.grade as â€Å"Grade† from tblstudent inner join tblhomework on tblstudent.sid=tblhomework.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, together with its homeworks( homework number number and the grade)| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tbltheme.theme_no as â€Å"Theme Number†, tbltheme.grade as â€Å"Grade† from tblstudent inner join tbltheme on tblstudent.sid=tbltheme.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, together wit h its themes( theme number and the grade)| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.reci_grade as â€Å"Recitation† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of student, and its recitation grade| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.perf_grade as â€Å"Performance† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, and its performance grade| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.proj_grade as â€Å"Project† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the last name of the student, and its project grade| select tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblothers.peri_grade as â€Å"Periodical† from tblstudent inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid order by sid;| displays the grade of the s tudent, and its periodical exam grade.| mysql> select tblstudent.sid , tblstudent.lname as â€Å"Last Name†, tblstudent.fname as â€Å"FirstName†, tblstudent.mname as â€Å"Middle Name†, tblstudent.level as â€Å"Grade†, avg(tblquizzes.grad e) as â€Å"Quizzes†, tblothers.reci_grade as â€Å"Recitation†, tblothers.perf_grade as â€Å"Performance†, avg(tbltheme.grade) as â€Å"Themes†, avg(tblhomework.grade) as â€Å"Homework†, tblothers.proj_ grade as â€Å"Project†, tblothers.peri_grade as â€Å"Periodical†, ((avg(tblquizzes.grade)*0.15)+(tblothers.reci_grade*0.20)+(tblothers.perf_grade*0.15)+(avg(tbltheme.grade)*0.10)+(avg(tblh omework.grade)*0.05)+(tblothers.proj_grade*0.10)+(tblothers.peri_grade*0.25)) as â€Å"Final† -> from tblstudent -> inner join tblquizzes on tblstudent.sid=tblquizzes.sid -> inner join tblothers on tblstudent.sid=tblothers.sid -> inner join tblhomework on tblstudent.sid=tblhomework.sid -> inner join tbltheme on tblstudent.sid=tbltheme.sid -> group by sid -> order by lname;| displays the student umber, last name, first name, middle name, grade, quizzes, recitation, performance, themes, homework, project, periodical exam, and laso the final grade based on the formula given by the department of educaton.| RECOMMENDATION Appendices Screenshots Data Dictionary < This will contain the tables and field names of your subject. > Ex. STUDENT | Field Name| Data type| Description| S_fname | Text| First name of the student| S_age| Number| Age of the student| Interview Images < This will contain the images that shows the interview conducted with the subject. > Interview questionaire < Questionnaire/s used for obtaining the information for this research >

U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS: Fixed Assets

U.S. GAAP VS. IFRS: FIXED ASSETS The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) and the International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) have many differences. One of these major differences is the intervention of fixed assets. The accounting universe is traveling through a convergence. The displacement from rules-based U. S. GAAP to principles-based IFRS is intended to better transparence and comparison in planetary markets ( Kaya, 2013 ) . International companies have already switched to this new accounting rule, but companies in the United States have yet to change over to IFRS. Many comptrollers think that because IFRS is non rules-based there is excessively much room for mistake, and when it comes to fixed assets at that place needs to be consistence. The undermentioned paragraphs will discourse the pros and cons of utilizing IFRS or U.S. GAAP ; discuss the sentiments of others in the concern or who could perchance hold to utilize IFRS alternatively of U.S. GAAP. Current Rules U.S. GAAP U.S. GAAP uses historical costs when entering fixed assets ( Rajan & A ; Reichelstein, 2009 ) . This is the recorded cost of the plus at the clip of purchase and is non altered during the life of the plus. Minutess utilizing historical cost can be verified, normally with a promissory note or a debt ( Diana, 2009 ) . Therefore, the historical cost accounting system is accepted by comptrollers due to its nonsubjective nature since the minutess have already been completed, and it is by and large easier to apprehensible by its users. In an article titled â€Å"Historical Cost Versus Fair Value† the writer, Cozma Diana ( 2009 ) , states the features of historical cost are ( 1 ) that it fails to guarantee the comparison of information, as similar elements are valued ; ( 2 ) it reflects the determinations whether to buy assets or contract debts, but ignores the effects of the determinations whether or non to maintain the contract debt ; ( 3 ) it reports any additions or losingss that result from the alteration in monetary value, even if their merchandising or call offing have non been the cause of such additions or losingss, and accounting studies are completed by utilizing the monetary values from past minutess, with the market monetary values non referenced ; ( 4 ) it provides information about the benefits expected from the assets or about the â€Å"burdens† taken by undertaking debts ; and ( 5 ) accounting studies are drafted based on monetary values ensuing from past minutess, with no mention to market monetary values. U.S. GAAP merely allows a company to utilize historical cost whereas IFRS allows a company to take either method of just value or historical ( p. 863 ) . IFRS If all companies converted to IFRS there would be global consistence in the concern universe. One criterion of accounting would let national and international companies work together in a more consistent mode. The clerking would be unvarying and companies would work under the same guidelines simplifying the scrutinizing procedure. Vitez ( 2014 ) stated that IFRS has three separate processs for fixed plus accounting, which include the choice of the cost or reappraisal method, estimation of the utile life for the plus and residuary value, and the choice of a depreciation damage method. Under U.S. GAAP, fixed assets are valued by utilizing the ‘cost method’ where the IFRS uses a different method which is known as the ‘reevaluation method’ ( Malboeuf, 2014 ) . These methods are different by giving companies the ability to monetary value their assets at what they think they should be and let them to alter the cost of their fixed assets at any clip. Cost or Reevaluation Method.The cost method is based on the historical value of an plus where the reevaluation method is based on the just value. The U.S. GAAP requires companies to unwrap information about the picks that they make about their disbursals in footers. IFRS finds footers unneeded ( Malboeuf, 2014 ) . IFRS permits companies to book the value of belongings above the value of historical cost ( King, 2008 ) . This could take to companies to exaggerate their assets in order to enter higher net incomes. Useful Life Estimate for the Asset and Residual Value.One issue utilizing IFRS is that each constituent of the fixed plus could hold residuary value. Therefore, if each unit has many different constituents the comptroller would hold to journalized each constituent individually alternatively of the plus being journalized as one unit as in U.S. GAAP. The residuary value for an IFRS fixed plus is the value of the point at the terminal of the asset’s utile life ( Vitez, 2014 ) . With IFRS each fixed plus could hold many constituents that need to be valued, where as with GAAP the fixed plus has one utile life value. The Selection of a Depreciation Impairment Method.Merely like with U.S. GAAP, IFRS has many different depreciation methods available for usage, though each company must merely choose one method for each fixed plus in usage ( Vitez, 2014 ) . There are some depreciation methods that work better on some fixed assets than others. Most fixed assets are assigned a depreciation method in order for the plus to be decently distributed. Seifert ( 2012 ) explains that IFRS depreciates fixed assets on a â€Å"component† footing vs. a â€Å"whole asset† footing under U.S. GAAP ; this allows parts of the plus to be on different depreciation agenda than other parts of the same plus as stated by. This allows companies to replace parts of their fixed plus and allows the plus longer life and gives the fixed plus higher marker value. Opinions: U.S.GAAP vs. IFRS Some have described plus writedowns in U.S. GAAP as the roach motel attack: â€Å"you can acquire in, but you can ne'er acquire out! † ( King, 2008 ) . The market value is frequently considered excessively unstable and that it is excessively easy to pull strings, which makes it unsuitable to be used as an estimation for the value of an plus ( Diana, 2009 ) . The features of just value is it improves the comparison by measuring similar elements in a similar manner, where every bit historical cost fails to guarantee the comparison of information, as similar elements are valuated for nonuniform values ( Diana, 2009 ) . Some comptrollers in the U. S. prefer utilizing U.S. GAAP based accounting, because it is a criterion that many of them have merely used and might be wary of the alteration that IFRS has in shop for fixed assets. It could do the accounting books to take longer to equilibrate as it creates more journal entries needed to right enumerate each fixed plus and their constituents. They are besides hesitating to exchange to IFRS because of its rule based criterions, and with the problem there has been in the recent old ages refering the doctoring of accounting studies some people are disquieted that if we give companies excessively much freedom so they will be less than honest with their shareholders when net incomes are low or if they get in problem with a bad concern purchase or investing. A. M. King ( 2008 ) clarifies that a possible drawback for U.S. acceptance of the reappraisal theoretical account is that because rating is inherently imprecise, some companies may take an aggressive att ack, at least in the initial reappraisal. The on-going conflict between GAAP and IFRS consequences in a no fit criterion that is best for the U.S. , neither side can hold with the other on which accounting criterion is best for the U.S. The principle-based IFRS method makes it easier for U.S. Companies to pull strings or command the result of these criterions. Companies have already found loopholes in U.S. GAAP and it is really structured. IFRS criterions would make bigger issues by leting companies to put a value on each constituent of a fixed plus. It would besides do it harder for hearers to happen mistakes in accounting system of a company. IFRS accounting would let companies to alter market value of their fixed assets, which in bend would let them to exaggerate the true cost of the fixed plus. U.S. GAAP companies have to enter fixed assets at the clip of purchase, and they are non allowed to be changed until the plus is used up or disposed of during the life of the plus. Finally one twenty-four hours U.S. GAAP and IFRS will come to a common apprehension and /or understanding but until that clip the U.S. will lodge with U.S. GAAP accounting regulations and criterions for their fixed assets entering. Mentions Daniels, M. B. ( 1933 ) . The Evaluation of Fixed Assets.Accounting Review,8( 4 ) , 302. Diana, C. ( 2009 ) . Historical Cost versus Fair Value.Annalss of The University of Oradea, Economic Science Series,18( 3 ) , 860-865 Hughes, J. S. , & A ; Williams, M. G. ( 2007 ) . Discussion of â€Å" Strategic Consequences of Historical Cost and Fair Value Measurements † .Contemporary Accounting Research,24( 2 ) , 585-593. Kaya, C. ( 2013 ) . Fair Value versus Historical Cost: Which is really more â€Å" Fair † ? .Journal Of Accounting & A ; Finance, ( 60 ) , 127-137. King, A. M. ( 2008 ) . GAAP vs IFRS: Will the Real Fair Value Please Stand Up? .Financial Executive,24( 10 ) , 14-16. King, A. M. ( 2012 ) . Fair Value is Unfair.Financial Executive,28( 5 ) , 73. Malboeuf, E. ( 2014, April 9 ) .The Similarities and Differences Between The GAAP and The IFRS,Retrieved July 23, 2014, retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? The-Similarities-and-Differences-Between-The-GAAP-and-The-IFRS & A ; id=8436911 Malboeuf, E. ( 2014, April 9 ) .The Similarities and Differences Between The GAAP and The IFRS. Retrieved July 23, 2014, Malboeuf, E. ( 2014, April 9 ) .The Similarities and Differences Between The GAAP and The IFRS. Retrieved July 23, 2014, Malboeuf, E. ( 2014, April 9 ) .The Similarities and Differences Between The GAAP and The IFRS. Retrieved July 23, 2014, Rajan, M. V. , & A ; Reichelstein, S. ( 2009 ) . Depreciation Rules and the Relation between Marginal and Historical Cost.Journal of Accounting Research,47( 3 ) , 823-865. doi:10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00334.x Seifert, D. L. , & A ; Lindberg, D. L. ( 2012 ) . Geting the Jump on IFRS.Strategic Finance,93( 7 ) , 35-39. Vitez, O. , ( 2014 ) . wiseGeek: What are the Different IFRS Fixed Asset Procedures? . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.net/what-are-the-different-ifrs-fixed-asset-procedures.htm

Drug Testing in The Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drug Testing in The Workplace - Essay Example The paper tells that no worker wants that his private life is invaded and suspected. You do not want your life to be your boss’s business. Individual and civil rights are the ones that are most respected giving every citizen the right to keep his life off-the-work private and not scrutinized. However, with the advent of efficient technological tools, it is difficult for a worker to hide his off-duty activities from the scrutinizers. Urinalysis drug testing is conducted when a person applies for a job to know if he is on drugs. The biggest point is the violation of privacy and civil rights. No worker in any position will want that he is being observed or that whatever he does off-duty is counted as having an effect on his performance on-duty (Hansson and Palm). Courts and judges have also been not very protective regarding privacy issues that arise in drug testing, nor have any laws or policies been designed regarding when to conduct drug testing and what to do after a person s hows positive. Also, the process of drug testing itself is privacy-invasive since a person is required to give his urine sample in the presence of other persons. This makes the process uncomfortable and disrespectful for the employee. Moreover, when a person shows positive on a drug test, he is not given any medical treatment but he is very likely to be fired. If this continues, then the society will have an increasing number of jobless drug addicts especially those who are not motivated to leave the addiction. This will result in deterioration of the society on the whole.

Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Autism - Essay Example Early or untimely communication development and predictors of communication performance in autism are inspected, based on a review of retrospective and prospective studies (Deming, 1999). Autism is also recognized as a multifaceted developmental disability. It is believed that Autism manifest itself at the earliest three years of a child's life. The disorder is due to neurological problem that has the consequence on normal brain working, influencing the development of the child’s social interaction and communication skills. People or children with autism have problem with a wide range of social interactions, non-verbal communication, and activities which include elements of banter and play. It is known that Autism has a huge genetic basis, though the genetics of autism are multifaceted and it is uncertain whether ASD is clarified more by atypical mutations, or by unusual amalgamation of universal genetic variants. In extraordinary cases, autism is heavily associated with agent which causes birth defects. Controversies encloses other projected environmental causes, which include pesticides, heavy metals and childhood vaccination, the vaccine theory are organically improbable and lack persuasive scientific proof (Forbes, 2006). The extend of autism is approximately about 1–2 per 1,000 populace worldwide, and the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) account 20 per 1,000 people in the United States are detected with ASD as of the year 2012[update] which is up from 11 per 1000 in the year 2008. The number of populace detected with autism has been rising radically since the 1980s, partially due to transformation in diagnostic performance and government-subsidizing financial inducement for the named diagnoses; the matter of whether the actual prevalence has enlarged is unanswered (Deming, 1999). People with an ASD who obtained early intervention or management end up having better brain function, communication ability and overall social behavi or in comparison to ASD people with no early intervention and management, various researchers accounted that the brains of children with autism showed respond well to the pivotal response management or treatment, If it were given early on. The agenda, that requires parental participation in addition to play circumstances, was fashioned purposely for brood with autism. The innovative technique incorporates learning and growth factors that are easy to use with very little children (Deming, 1999). Symptoms People with autism might have troubles with communication skills or abilities, social skills, and reaction to their surroundings. Not all characters or behavior will manifest in every child. Therefore, diagnosis must be done with the child's doctor or other qualified with knowledge in working with people with autism. Probable signs and symptoms associated with autism are categorized into communication, social skills and reaction to the world. For the communication the child could pre sent with the following sign and symptoms; child not able to speak or having limited speech, loss of certain words that the child was previously able to say, complexity in expressing their basic needs and wants, they tend to have poor vocabulary growth, having difficulty in answering questions

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Technology - Essay Example From just 60,000 users in the year 2007 to more than 200million users in the year 2014 what are the reasons for this immense growth? How has twitter changed how we communicate? One of the main reasons that have influenced the growth of twitter is the free media coverage that the company receives. Virtually all media outlets and various other social networking platforms mention twitter. The number of unique visitors twitter has every month has further proved this. The company also spends a lot of money marketing their brand and this has made twitter one of the biggest social platforms in the world. Twitter also has the approval of many big corporations. Twitter is the preferred social media platform for most of the fortune 500 companies. These big companies use twitter as a way of connecting with their customers. With the big companies setting the trend, smaller companies have also started using twitter as their preferred social media platform. Twitter has also been ranked as the no. 1 social brand. Twitter was ranked at position one while Facebook was ranked at number four. The company has invested a lot of money to make twitter a social brand and this has started to pay off as twitter has grown to become one of the largest social media platforms of the 21st century. Twitter has changed the way the world communicates. Today, Twitter has become more than just a social media platform as it is used to share information (Anderson 48). People get breaking news from twitter and can discuss about virtually anything using the popular hash tag. Twitter has also been able to remove the celebrity filter. It is now possible to get to know what your favorite celebrity is doing and catch up with them. Twitter has also been able to simplify the conversation. Using just 140 characters, people are able to speak their mind without having to answer to anyone (Wright 99).

Health, Safety & Aviation Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Health, Safety & Aviation Law - Essay Example l consignment placed on airplane is not practicable, quite a few routine and technology initiatives have been planned to improve air cargo safety and prevent terrorist and illegal threats. These initiatives comprise: develop the ‘identified shipper’ agenda; enhance cargo inspections; raise the physical safety of air cargo services; increase oversight of air cargo operations; give safety training for cargo employees; and strict controls over access to aircraft throughout cargo operations. Other tools being well thought-out to improve air cargo safety includes tamper-resistant and tamper-evident packaging and containers; explosive detection methods and other cargo screening equipment; blast-resistant cargo containers; and biometric methods for employee identification and right of entry control. The Aviation and Transportation Security Act includes broad measures for cargo screening and safety procedures. The freights carried in passenger airplanes ought to be monitored and its safety ensured. Actually, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has faith in ‘known shipper’ programs to avoid consignments from unidentified sources on a passenger airplane. Various safety procedures have been put in practice to alleviate the risks linked with placing freight on passenger airplane and all-cargo aircraft (Elias, 2003). Various threats linked to air cargo safety comprise: carrying of explosive and incendiary devices; consignments of unrevealed or undetected dangerous materials aboard aircraft; cargo offense including theft and smuggling; and aircraft hijackings and disruption by persons with access to aircraft. Authorities have cautioned that air cargo possibly a potential target for terrorists for the reason that screening and scrutiny of air cargo are at present not as extensive as a mandatory screening of passengers and inspected luggage.  

Marketing management case 2 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing management 2 - Case Study Example Motor starters were installed on or near individual pieces of equipment and usually operated only a single motor. They ranged in price from $50 to several thousand dollars. Motor control centers consisted of dozens or even hundreds of motor starters that were combined in a customized enclosure and were capable of starting motors in various areas of the plant from a centralized location. They ranged in price from less than $50 000 to several hundred thousand dollars. The motor starter made fewer sales than the projections. It however managed to sell 8.5% of the entire industry sales. Repair parts were the most improved products, after realizing sales of 14% of the whole industry sales. The control centre increased in sales by 83.03 5%, the motor starter product fell by 5.76% and the repair parts increased by 25.42%. The total performance for all the products was an increase of 8.952% from 2001 to 2002. 1. Yvonne Belanger, owner of Yvonne’s European Deli, has decided that she wants to add a new item to the current selection of baked goods she sells in her upscale deli. Currently, she sells cookies and brownies for $2 each, and muffins for $3 each. She makes a standard 30% margin on all sales. Yvonne wants to buy homemade apple, cherry, and lemon pies and sell them from a local supplier for $10 each. 3. Fashion Forward operates three retail locations across Canada: in Halifax, Toronto, and Vancouver. It recently purchased a limited-edition collection of 300 designer dresses and sent 100 to each city. The dresses were all suggested to sell for $1200 each; all dresses had a net cost to Fashion Forward of $400. Sales results from the three locations varied: 1. Ontario Steel Manufacturing (OSM) manufactures steel components for other manufacturers. It has the opportunity to make stainless steel taps and faucets for a Canadian hardware company that will then package the products and sell them under

The product Pepsi Cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The product Pepsi Cola - Essay Example The advertisement was a well thought of product promotion strategy. Management was preparing for a great start. It is fit and proper to discuss first on the short historical background of how Pepsi came to be – its founder and short origin, and how it got its name, up to the present time where it has survived through the times and has taken a new name and role in the beverage business. Pepsi Cola was first invented or introduced by Caleb Bradham in the late 1800s or early 1900s in his pharmacy. The term â€Å"Pepsi† comes from pepsin, an enzyme which aids digestion and was also a popular ingredient in early soft drinks, while the term Cola was based on the African kola nut or caffeine. Pepsi Cola then tasted pretty close to the already popular â€Å"Coca-Cola†, although Caleb’s drink, Pepsi Cola, didn’t contain either the kola nut or any caffeine. (Soda Museum) The term â€Å"Pepsi† is an indicator. One of Pepsi-Cola’s earliest known a dvertisement is found in Feb. 25th, 1903 New Bern Daily Journal, which says that â€Å"It aids digestion.† This is because of the pepsin content. Another newspaper ad produced in 1908 said: â€Å"Pepsi-Cola is an absolutely pure combination of pepsin – that’s what your stomach needs these days – acid phosphate and the juices of fresh fruits.† (Soda Museum) The promotional kick-off must be effective because at the start Caleb was selling 2,008 gallons of Pepsi-Cola syrup, and by 1904 he was selling 19,848 gallons a year, the same year he started bottling Pepsi Cola. A year later, he also began selling Pepsi-Cola Bottling franchises, and by 1910 he had 280 bottling franchises and covered at least 24 states. By 1907, he was selling over 100,000 gallons of syrup a year, and in 1915 Pepsi-Cola Corporation had assets of over $1,000,000. (History of Pepsi-Cola.) Judging by the flow of events in the early years of Pepsi, the product and the accompanying ad vertisement proved effective.  

Discuss critically the role of secured creditors in business Essay

Discuss critically the role of secured creditors in business insolvency - Essay Example The security grant provided to the creditors is entirely dependent upon the whether the debtor is able to conform to the loan covenants. In case, the debtor is not in default, the creditor does not have control on the security3. However, if the debtor is in default, the creditor has complete control on the collateral, subject to any limitations imposed by insolvency law. Additionally, the secured creditor gets priority at time of settlement from the sale of security compared to other creditors. If one sees it with a creditor’s point of view, the provision of collateral reduces the default risk of creditor and in return, the debtor expects some valuable terms of loan, which create flexibility for debtor in repayment. One of the valuable terms is less interest payment on secured credit than an unsecured credit4. The priority given to secured creditors in repayment create a less advantageous situation for unsecured creditors, which does not allow them to agree on flexible terms i n loan. This often leads to consensus on a higher interest rate in case of unsecured loan. If all these terms are seen with the eyes of a debtor, both secured and unsecured creditors try to reduce their risk by agreeing on particular terms of loan. In one case, there is a grant of security with a reduced interest on loan; in another, there is a higher rate of interest on compensating for no security and less priority. There has always been debate over this matter in the literature and it suggests the debtor not bother much while choosing between the two. History US federal bankruptcy law offers two choices for formal bankruptcy, which are Chapter 7 or Chapter 115. Chapter 7 involves the transfer of control of the firm to a creditor-appointed trustee. In Chapter 11, the debtor’s management usually remains in control of firm during the proceedings. Earlier, debtors had more control in the proceedings of insolvency, which the creditors noticed and did not prefer6. This later led creditors to come up with more strict contracts regarding provision of finance in Chapter 11, which shifted a significant control to the creditors from debtors. Despite this control, chapter 11 is weaker when compared to Recent UK Bankruptcy situations enjoyed by secured creditors. English insolvency law did not factually enforce a stay on the implementation of secured claims. This allowed a secured creditor having an all-encompassing security interest, commonly known in UK as a ‘floating charge’—to impose against the entireness of the debtor firm’s assets. In effect, the floating charge holder (FCH) led to a private liquidation, known as an ‘administrative receivership’ (or ‘receivership’ for short)7. When a company is financially distraught, a secured creditor or court takes the company into receivership. A company is in receivership when a secured creditor or a court appoints a receiver who can control all the assets of the co mpany. The appointment of receiver comes under the security of fixed charge such as land, plan, machinery, equipment etc. It also comes under the security of floating charge such as cash and stock. The receiver can also have right to manage the company matters subject to terms of

An Analysis of the Use of Persuasive Appeal in David Foster Wallace's Essay

An Analysis of the Use of Persuasive Appeal in David Foster Wallace's Kenyon College Commencement Address - Essay Example Wallace makes use of persuasive appeal by utilizing the components of ethos, logos, and pathos that readers become aware of as they devour this piece of writing. Mortensen (2004) affirms that, Aristotle defines ethos as the component that attains persuasion through the author’s character when an audience listens to a speech and deems the speaker as credible. Ethos represents the author’s integrity, respectability and influence and how the author uses these attributes to impress the audience. In addition, they relate to the way a writer uses tone and style to communicate opinion or present an argument. Logos convince through reasoning by making use of logical arguments and evidence to support a writer’s stand. They draw on facts and figures in supporting the speaker’s topic. Pathos achieves persuasion by stirring emotions among the audience (Mortensen, 2004). The author’s ability to use these components creates text that captures the readers’ attention and encourages them to keep on reading. So how does Wallace appeal to his audience? Wallace applies all three components to persuade the audience; however, logos and ethos are more prominent while pathos makes minor occurrences as the ensuing discussion highlights. Wallace starts by giving a short narration about two young fish who meet an older one moving in the opposite direction. The older fish enquires on how they find the waters. The fish story is a metaphor as it likens the fish to human beings. The author confirms this by saying â€Å"I am not the wise old fish† (The Wall Street Journal). Wallace was a respectable novelist and essayist from his previous works such as ‘Infinite Jest’ and ‘The Depressed Person’; nevertheless, he does not wish to bluff or present a near perfect image of himself. He avoids the know-it-all attitude that most mentors would convey. The story serves to leave the audience in suspense as it does not have a con clusion. Wallace confirms the suspense in the remark â€Å"If, at this moment, you are worried that I plan to present myself here, as the wise old fish explaining what water is to you younger fish, please do not be† (The Wall Street Journal, 2008). The suspense blends well with the rest of speech as Wallace proceeds to shed more light on the essence of his speech. The suspense provides a foundation for the entire speech and grabs the audience’s attention as they try to connect the story to the rest of the speech. Providing a conclusion to the story would only reveal too much to the audience. As a result, the rest of the speech would not be intriguing. In addition, Wallace uses the fish story to draw attention to how humans overlook the most apparent things in life; in this case, these things are represented by water which is a common and basic commodity.

Resistance of a wire coursework Essay Example for Free

Resistance of a wire coursework Essay Then we measured the first measurement of resistance at 100a c, increasing the temperature too over 300a c. Taking s measurement at every 10a c. At one point in the investigation the heat started to melt the plastic coating around the wires, we quickly noticed this was a problem so we attached the wire to a clamp, this was to stop the bare wire touching the metal sand tray, as this would cause the resistance in the metal of the tray to be measured as well, this would cause the ammeter to short circuit. After collecting results, we plotted a scatter graph, drawing a line of best fit, we also indicated any anomalies. I took the photo myself Safety When doing our investigation we had to take into consideration the safety aspect, this is because we were using very high temperatures up to 300a c. We used safety goggles to protect our eyes from the heat, and in case of spitting from the water in the preliminary work, to the sand in the main experiment. We also kept or distance from the experiment to protect from heat and spitting just like the goggles. After we’d finished we left the equipment to cool before the technicians to clear away, with a safety sign. We also used heatproof mats so the worktop was protected, as well as this it protected glass or porcelain pieces of equipment from thermo-shock (high to low temperature, very quickly) http://www. amazing1. com/Graphics/oly-lsg-4-1. jpg Obtaining Evidence Before we began our real experiment we carried out preliminary work to find out what was the best was to test the resistance of a wire, or how we could. So we tried using temperature as something that would either increase of decrease the resistance. In our preliminary work we found that the resistance started to change when the temperature exceeded 90a c. However we found that this was a problem because we were using water to heat the coiled wire. Waters boiling point is 100a c so we had to discard the idea and change it. So we used a sand tray as sand has a much higher melting point then water. We also repeated many of the experiments as well as the preliminary work to find out whether or not this was just a case of human error, and that we didn’t need to change the experiment. Also in the temperature experiment we used Copper at first; we then used Nichrome as this has a much higher resistance so the results would not be as high. In my results we identified outliers, and also calculated a mean, or the average for all of the results for the change in length of wire/thickness. In the first experiments for length of wire we didn’t specify a length of time that we were going to measure resistance on the wire for, we just laid the wire on the other wire, however this would have heated the wire giving us less accurate results. I decided to change this by only touching the wire for 2 seconds at every 10cm, allowing enough time to obtain results, but not long enough for the wire to be heated. http://reprap. org/mediawiki/images/9/99/Blunt_step10. jpg Patterns In Results In our results there were many patterns shown, for example as the length of wire increased in the length/ width experiment so did the Resistance of the wire. As well as this as the temperature increased further and further, the resistance of the wire increased as well. These patterns both show that our predictions were correct. However in both of these experiments’ there were a few anomalies. For example lengths 130cm on 28 gauge wire, and 150cm on 36 gauge wire. In the temperature test, temp 140a c and 250a c were anomalies. Conclusion My results show that as the length and the thickness of the wire increased, so did the resistance, which supports what my prediction. This is shown because when the length of wire was 40cm long (28 gauge) the resistance average was 2. 9 ohms, at 100cm the resistance average was 5. 4 ohms and finally at 160cm the resistance average was 7. 9 ohms. This is then supported by the 36 gauge wire, at 40cm the resistance was 9. 2 ohms, at 100cm the resistance was 19. 2 ohms and at 160cm the resistance was 27. 7. This clearly shows that there is an increase in resistance when there is an increase in length. In the temperature experiment my results show that as the temperature increased so did the resistance of the wire, however there were a few anomalies in the experiment. At 100a c the resistance was 1. 5, as the temperature increased to 220a c the resistance was 3, however at 240a c the resistance was 2. 9, this shows an anomaly in the results. After the temperature increase again so did the resistance e.g. at 300a c the resistance was 3. 6 Overall I think that my conclusion supports what I wrote in my prediction. This is because I predicted that as the length/temperature was increased so would the resistance of the wire. My experiments were a success. However if I were to do this again I would repeat each of the experiments more times to eradicate any anomalies that may have occurred through the investigation. Evaluation I think that my investigation went well, this is because my results that I have gathered support what i wrote in my prediction. However they were a few problems in the experiment for example, when we increased the temperature one of the connecting wire began to melt, this was due to the wire been too close to the Bunsen’s flame. This made our experiment short circuit, meaning we had to start the investigation from scratch. Also in our length experiment the wire began to heat higher than we wanted because of the current in the circuit, this could have made our results less accurate. Although the wire may have heated more than we wanted I still believe that the results were very accurate, as we only had 4 outliers in all of our results. I think that the level of accuracy in my results is very high because we repeated each one of the experiments more than once. To increase the level of accuracy in the results I think that if I were to repeat the investigation I would repeat them more than just once; this allows you to eliminate any anomalies that occurred. There were a few anomalies in my experiment these were: 1. 130cm on 28 gauge wire 2. 150cm on 36 gauge wire 3. In the temperature test, temp 140a c and 250a c were anomalies I think the anomalies for the length experiment will have occurred because of human error e. g. not reading the results correctly, or touching the two wires together for too much time, this would cause the wire to heat up, causing a false reading of the resistance. In the temperature experiment, I think the anomalies may have also sprung from the connecting wire becoming too hot, meaning that the resistance would not have been the right reading. As well as this, if the connecting wires touched the side of the sand tray, this would cause the reading to be lower so this may have occurred at some point during the experiment. In the investigation we repeated some of the experiments more than once; this allowed me to make my results more reliable. Also it allowed us to eliminate anomalies. I think that I should have taken more results because I still have anomalies in my results. However I did check if my results were correct by repeating each of the experiments more than once. When I did repeat the experiments the results I got were identical apart from the anomalies which some of them did not occur more than once. This proves that by repeating them it reduced the number of mistakes made. I also think that the range of results I collected was sufficient to give me answers for my prediction and conclusion. If I had to use my results to as evidence to back up my conclusion then I would be very confident. This is because my evidence supported my prediction, and all of the evidence was clear and easy to show in many different ways, whether in a table, bar/line graph or in any other form of data representation. I believe that I could use my results as evidence because it clear, concise and is very easy to understand. Thing that I could do to improve my investigation would be to make sure that there was only one variable (one thing I was changing) and to ensure that all aspects of human error were eliminated before starting the experiments. One further experiment that I would do would be to use a wider range of material for the coil of wire to give me more evidence, such as how the material changes the resistance. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Comparing Systems Theory and Grounded Theory

Comparing Systems Theory and Grounded Theory Summarize what you have learned about the similarities and differences among the approaches. Qualitative research is an activity that locates the observer in the world. Qualitative research consists of a set of material and interpretive practices that make the world visible. They turn the world into a series of representations, including field notes, conversations, interviews, recordings, photographs, and memos to the self. At this level, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena regarding the meanings people bring to them. (Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 3). Grounded theory is a set of procedure to conduct qualitative research in order to develop a personalized theory for a study (Charmaz, 2009). Grounded theory is used by a lot of researchers however most have proven to use the theory incorrectly as researchers do not understand the full scope of this method (Charmaz, 2009). A narrative inquiry is founded on the principle that each person has a story which gives meaning to their life. Narrative inquiry derives from the phenomenology approach, this type of research includes collecting stories, connecting a meaning to these stories and linking them to the research participants experiences (Trahar, 2009). Researchers often gather stories through word of mouth, notes or historical references (Patton,2015). Researchers that choose this approach believes that stories, organize and shape their experiences (pg. 128). One challenge that researcher has that use a narrative inquiry is sorting through the stories to collect valid data (Patton, 2009). One type of writing that researchers use for a narrative inquiry is autoethnographic, this kind of writing involves writing in multiple layers of consciousness (Patton, 2009). Systems theory is the study of multiple systems. Within the Human Services field, workers are work to incorporate social science insights toward improving the quality of life communities and individuals (Systems Theory, 2005). Systems theory explores the structure of complex systems, it also explores how each system is comparable to each other and as well as the whole system (Systems Theory, 2005). Human Service workers use systems theory to understand to get a better idea of the relationship between families, individuals, societies and institutions. Workers seek to learn how a system functions, what parts of that system will have a potential negative impact on a client. Ethnography is a research method that relies on first-hand experiences of participants (Miller, 2015). Some studies require that the researcher engages in the study and only observe (Miller, 2015). Ethnographic researchers typically use observations, documents, and interviews as data collection techniques (Miller, 2015). Participatory Action Research is a subset of action research. Within participatory action research a study is conducted to investigate a social problem with the aim to take action on the identified issue. This approach is more commonly used to solve a sociopolitical problem. Describe how what youve learned by developing the matrix has allowed you to choose the approach that you plan to use for your research plan in this course. Identify the approach you intend to use for your research question. Using the phenomenological approach, the research question that this learner will explore is what is the lived experience of a female, Army, military spouse, coping with challenges associated with their partners transition from active duty military to civilian life? The best approach that fits this research question is the Moussakas Heuristic research approach using qualitative methods. Moussakas has three approaches hermeneutics, heuristic, and empirical phenomenological research (Creswell, 2009). The heuristic approach starts as a question or a challenge that has the potential to an impact of a social issue (Creswell, 2009). In the heuristic approach, researchers gather knowledge by learning about the participants life experience (Creswell, 2009). From the life experience of the participants, a depiction is made. In-depth interviews will allow the participants to give details on how the military to civilian, transitional period affects the spouse as well as the relationship; phenom enology would allow for the spouses to provide details of their experience in their words. Describe your rationale for your choice of approach. References Charmaz, Kathy. Grounded Theory. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods. 2003. SAGE Publications. 24 May. 2009. . SparkNotes Editors. (2005). Systems Theory. Retrieved July 8, 2016, from http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/development/ Miller, M. A. (2015). Academic Advisors of Military and Student Veterans: An Ethnographic Study. Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 63(2), 98-108. doi:10.1080/07377363.2015.1042997

Actus Reus In Recklessness And Common Assault Law Essay

Actus Reus In Recklessness And Common Assault Law Essay Maxim actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea means that the guilty act on its own will not make a person criminally liable unless it was done with a guilty state of mind. The majority of crimes are brought about by a mixture of actions and are referred to as the guilty acts these represent the physical elements of a crime (actus reus).The mental elements are the thoughts or guilty state of mind (mens rea). If actus reus and mens rea are known and there is no valid defence, the defendant will be found guilty. It is the task of the prosecution to demonstrate together the actus reus and the mens rea of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt to the agreement of the judge and jury. If the proof is not found then the defendant will be acquitted. The actus reus covers all the exterior elements of an offence and consists of conduct, circumstances, and consequences. These are divided into two categories: Conduct crimes and Result crimes Conduct crimes consist of conduct and circumstance and are those in which the actus reus is concerned with prohibited behaviour in spite of its consequences, an example of this would be to drive when you have been disqualified. Result crimes are those where the guilty act requires proof that the conduct caused the outlawed consequence, for example, the actus reus of criminal damage is that the property owned by another person is damaged, and another example is the act of killing someone or committing murder. As result crimes are concerned with causing the consequences the prosecution must show that it was the defendants behaviour that caused the result or circumstances to occur, they have to provide a clear, unbroken causal link. Causation requires a two stage test: Factual causation, the defendants act must be a sine qua non of the prohibited consequence. This simply means that the consequence would not have occurred without the defendants actions. R v.White (1910) 2 KB 124(CA) this case deals with but for test. The test establishes multiple factual causes of death. Legal causation can be established by showing that defendants act was an operating and substantial cause of death. It may not be the sole or main cause but it must make a significant contribution. R v. Cheshire (1991) 1WLR 844 (CA), R v. Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 (CA). R v. Smith (1959) Legal causation also deals with fault, assigning blame, and responsibility. The defendant will be liable for the all foreseeable consequences or results of their actions. R v. Roberts (1972) 56 Cr App R 95 (CA), R v. Marjoram (1999) (CA). There is no liability in criminal law for omissions unless that failure to act was whilst you are under a duty to act. The duty to act can arise in several ways: Duty arising from statute for example s.170 (4) of the Road Traffic Act 1998 places a duty on the driver involved in an accident to report it to the police or provide details to of the other people involved. Contractual duty, if someone fails to so something under a legally binding contract that they are contracted to do they may be criminally liable if any harm or injury occurs as a result of their failure to act. R v. Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 (Assizes) concerned a duty to act, contract Parental duty to act and a duty towards family members, this is a common law duty that members of a family owe to each other to care for each others welfare. R v. Gibbins and Proctor (1918) 13 Cr App Rep 134 concerning duty to care, R v. Harris and Harris (1993) Reliance or voluntary assumption of care, R v. Stone and Dobson (1977) CA Supervening fault or dangerous situation, this is where the defendant does nothing to avert a dangerous situation resulting from their conduct. R v. Miller (1983) 1 All ER 978 in relation to situation created by the defendant. The mens rea deals with the guilty state of mind. There are two states of mind which either together or separately can form the necessary mens rea for a criminal offence. These are Intention and Recklessness. Direct intention is where the defendants purpose is to cause death, mens rea of murder is the intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm. Indirect intent which is also known as oblique or foresight intent is where the unlawful consequence as a result of the defendants conduct is foreseen by the defendant as virtually certain although its not the defendants purpose. R v. Woollin (1999) 1 AC 82 (HL) oblique intention, virtual certainty. Recklessness is where the defendant takes an unjustified and unreasonable risk. There are two known types of recklessness, subjective and objective. The law tends to concentrate on subjective tests. R v. G (2004) 1 AC 1034 (HL) subjective recklessness, criminal damage R v.Cunningham (1957) 2 QB 396 (CA) subjective recklessness and interpretation of malicious. The Cunningham test applies to all offences other than criminal damage. Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea When the defendant commits the actus reus of an offence, for liability to occur it must be shown that they also had the correct mens rea at the time the actus reus was committed. The guilty act and guilty state of mind must coincide. Problems have cropped up where the actus reus has been performed, then the mens rea comes into play, and also where the mens rea is present first and then the actus reus follows In order to overcome these problems the courts have used several approaches in order to secure a conviction where the actus reus is complete prior to the mens rea being present, and with the mens rea occurring before the actus reus. The approaches that they have used are called continuing acts and a chain of events. Continuing act is where the actus reus is committed over a period of time and the mens rea is present at some point during it commission. Continuing acts Fagan v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1969)1 QB 439 (DC) The defendant accidentally stopped his car on a policemans foot, (actus reus) when he realised this he didnt take it off (mens rea).It was a continuous act as he had actus reus when he ran over his foot and this only stopped when the car was moved and then the mens rea when he refused to move it. The defendant was subsequently found guilty of assault. R v. Kaitamaki (1985) AC 147 He penetrated the victim (actus reus) and when he realised she objected to the penetration he did not withdraw at which point mens rea was present. It was held that the actus reus of rape was a continuing act, and when he realised she objected he formed the mens rea the actus reus was still continuing and so there was coincidence. The defendant was found guilty of rape. R v. Miller (1983) 2 AC 161 (HL) The defendant fell asleep on a mattress in a house whilst smoking a cigarette. When he woke up he noticed that the mattress was smouldering he left it and decided to go to another part of the house. He made no attempt whatsoever to stop the damage and due to this the house caught on fire. The act which caused the (actus reus) dropping of the cigarette happened when the defendant was asleep and the (mens rea) recklessness, damage to property occurred when he awoke. It was held that the defendants failure to do anything about putting the fire out was the actus reus and this coincided with the appropriate mens rea. Chain of events This is the second approach that deals with the mens rea occurring before the actus reus. The defendant will be found to be criminally liable if the guilty act and guilty state of mind are present even if they do not coincide during the series of events. R. v Church (1966) 1 QB 59 (CA) The defendant took the victim to a van in order to have sex with her. The victim made fun of him so the defendant knocked her unconscious (mens rea). The defendant believed she was dead so he threw her into a river in order to get rid of the victim. The victim then died (actus rea). The defendants conduct was viewed as a series of acts designed to cause GBH or death. The actus reus and mens rea were present during the chain of events. The defendant was found guilty of manslaughter R v. Thabo Mali (1954) PC (South Africa) The defendants took the victim to a hut and beat him over the head intending to kill him. They believed they had killed him so they rolled him over a cliff. The victim did not die from the beating or being rolled of the cliff but died of exposure. It was held that the actus reus and mens rea was present throughout. The actus reus consisted of a series of acts and the mens rea was present at some time during the chain of events. They were found guilty of murder. R v. Le Brun (1991) CA The defendant knocked the victim (his wife) unconscious. Whilst he was moving her she knocked her head on the kerb and this fractured her skull. She later died of the injury. It was held that the original unlawful act and the act causing death (actus reus) and the (mens rea) were all part of the same chain of events. The defendant was found guilty of manslaughter. My own example Im employed as a female plasterer on a building site. After finishing work one evening and on my way home I realised that I had left something behind, so I head back too the site. The site has never been secured properly and the workforces have been complaining about this for some time. Whilst back on site a stranger approaches me and threatens to cause me some harm. As he is coming towards me I deliver a powerful kick into his stomach which causes him to fall back and trip over an item on the floor. He bangs his head on the ground and I also use my hawk to batter him over the head several times to ensure he does not get up again in a hurry. There is a great deal of blood on the floor and he does not appear to be breathing. I feel that he may be dead. I drag his body too the back of the worksite and hide it amongst some very tall weeds. I go back to the area where the blood is, clean up, and then leave the site. This example illustrates how the actus reus and mens rea are all part of the same chain of events and were present throughout Task 1(b) Common assault does not involve physical contact. It is an offence under s39 of The Criminal Justice Act 1998. The actus reus of common assault is when the defendant causes the victim to apprehend (expect) immediate unlawful violence. This can be carried out by conduct, deeds, menacing silence, words, or a failure to act. R v. Ireland (1998) AC 147 (HL) The defendant made several silent calls to the victims, these occurred during the evening. They eventually suffered from psychiatric illnesses (depression, stress, anxiety). The House of Lords decided that words can amount to an assault and that silence calls could be seen as communicating a threat. The defendant was found guilty of assault. R v. Constanza (1997) 2 Cr App R 492(CA) The defendant stalked the victim by following her home, turning up to her home address uninvited, writing offensive words on her front door, making several silent phone calls and sending her over 800 letters. The last letter was hand-delivered and this led to the defendant being found guilty of assault. The victim suffered psychiatric illness as a result of the defendants actions. The mens rea of common assault is the intention to cause apprehension of immediate violence or subjective recklessness as to the assault. Battery involves the use of physical force. The actus reus of battery is the infliction of force or violence, this includes slight touching. The actus reus is made up of three elements which consist of direct and indirect physical contact, non-consensual and physical contact. R. v Haystead (2000) 3 All ER 890 (DC) This case concerns indirect contact. The defendant punched a mother holding her baby. The baby dropped and the defendant was convicted of battery on the baby. Battery requires non-consensual touching, the victim can consent to contact (express) or contact is implied, day to day contact. Battery deals with minor physical contact resulting in minor injuries for example grazes, minor bruising, slight cuts, and black eyes. Collins v Wilcox (1984) 1 WLR 1172 (DC) this case gave examples of implied consent, agreed back slapping, seizing a hand in friendship and jostling on the underground. The mens rea of battery is exactly the same as assault, intention to make physical contact or subjective recklessness as to such contact. Unlawful malicious wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with intent is the most serious of all the non-fatal offences and is found in s18 OAPA 1861. Section 18 covers GBH by omission. The actus reus is that the defendant must have unlawfully wounded a person or caused grievous bodily harm. It involves deep repeated cuts, minor cuts, bones penetrating the skin. Serious injury includes mental injury and most recently the transmission of diseases. R v. Ireland, Burstow (1998) AC 147 (HL) As in Ireland above. Both defendants stalked the victims with unwanted attention for over 3 years. The victims suffered from psychiatric injuries as a result of the ongoing acts. The house of lords in both cases concluded that harm to a persons mind that amounted to a recognised medical condition would fall under the category of bodily harm. R v Dica (2004) QB 1257 (CA) The defendant who was HIV positive had unprotected sex with several women. The defendant was fully aware that he was infected but he did not inform the victims of his condition. The court of appeal accepted that a person could be liable for recklessly infecting another person with HIV. The mens rea of GBH with intent is that the defendant must have intention to wound or cause GBH. Recklessness as to causing GBH or wounding (malice) and intention to resist or prevent arrest. Strict Liability offences are those in which the defendant may not have intended or known about the consequences of their actions or the circumstances. The defendant does not need to have a guilty state of mind in relation to all parts of the actus reus (guilty act). Strict liability cases make up half the cases appearing before the courts. Defences for strict liability are those that are applicable to actus reus.   Defences that are probably relevant to actus reus include automatism and duress and also foreseeability is quite important as well. Strict liability offences are mainly created by statute and regarded as regulatory offences and public safety/public interest offences. The offences that are covered are quite extensive and include parking offences, road traffic offences, health and safety, dangerous drugs, dangerous weapons, sexual offences, environmental pollution, possession and the control of dangerous and non-dangerous animals. Sweet v Parsley (1970) HL This case is an important case on strict liability where the need for mens rea in most criminal cases was spelt out and where it was suitable for the presumption for mens rea to be dispensed with. Harrow LBC v. Shah (2000) 1 WLR 83 (DC) The defendant was found guilty of selling a lottery ticket to a young person under the age of 16. The defendant was unaware of the persons age when selling the ticket. R v Marriot (1971) the defendant was found guilty after police searched his home and found a tiny amount of cannabis on a knife. His defence told the court that he had not been aware of what the substance on the blade was, he appealed against the decision and was still convicted. It was held that the accused was guilty if he knew that there was a substance on his knife even if he did not know what the substance was. R v Deyemi (2007) CA the defendants were caught with a stun gun, which they believed to be a torch. It was held that the prosecution only had to prove that they possessed the stun gun, and the stun gun was forbidden by the act. The prosecution did not have to prove that the defendants knew that it was an illegal weapon Alphacell v Woodward (1972) HL the defendants were charged with causing pollution to a river. The pollution occurred as a result of a pipe becoming blocked from their factory and the waste product entered a nearby river. FJH Wrothwell v Yorkshire Water Co. (1984), the defendant who was the director of the company  carelessly poured 12 gallons of herbicide into drains. These drains led into a river. Smedleys v Breed (1974) AC 839 A big manufacturer of tinned peas was convicted under the Food and Drugs Act (1955) (now Food and Safety Act 1990) when some tins were found to contain a caterpillars The arguments in favour of strict liability are: They help to prevent environmental pollution People may be prevented from owning unlawful weapons and drugs The public is protected against unsafe structures Helps to encourage people to really improve standards so they will not be prosecuted for committing a criminal offence

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Interferon alpha (IFN-ÃŽ ±) is a cytokine released during viral infection. (Rizza, Moretti, & Belardelli, 2010, p. 204) One of its major implications is its ability to enhance the innate and adaptive immune response which is why many patients develop flu like symptoms (Rizza et al., 2010, p. 205). Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients are given IFN-ÃŽ ± because of its ability to increase the functional activity of T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, promote apoptosis and suppress both angiogenesis and proliferation (Kiladjian, Mesa, & Hoffman, 2011, pp. 4707-4708). IFN-ÃŽ ± is short term because of the symptoms and complications that arise, which are harmful to the body causing patients to cease treatment. This is due to the immune response which can be beneficial in that it provides antitumour immunity but also harmful since it can mediate an autoimmune response (Rizza et al., 2010, p. 205). IFN-ÃŽ ± acts as a signal for the differentiation of monocytes into highly active specialized dendritic cells which take up and present antigens from apoptotic cells which can be caused by...

Network :: essays research papers

A computer network is a group of interconnected computers that can accomplish many important tasks. To define computer networking you should define networks. A network is composed of two or people or objects, using a common language, and they have something to share. In computer networking the two or more objects are the computer or terminal. This can consist; have an IBM 3270 terminal and accompanying mainframe, to a stand-alone computer. The computer is usually an IBM PC personal computer or clone licensed copy of a PC, usually cheaply made. The common language or protocol is necessary for the communicators to be able to understand each other. We take for granted simple things like who talks first, how long they talk, and how to end a conversation. A protocol addresses these and more. The common protocol is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP is the protocol of the Internet. Internet is actually the short form of the word Internet work. Internet work means a network of n etworks. At one time, all of the different networks used different protocols. A user could talk to others on their network, but not to someone on a different network. The protocol TCP/IP solves this problem. It is what allows a person on one network to communicate with a person on a different network. When I mentioned something to share in the network definition, it can be anything, an idea, document, or greeting. Networking allows use of applications on other computers, electronic mail (email), and real time discussions in chat rooms. The types of networks are classified as distributive or centralized. In a centralized network, processing occurs at one place and requests are made of the processing from terminals. A mainframe computer with attached terminals is a great example of centralized network. The terminals communicate with the mainframe to accomplish tasks. A distributive network spreads processing power to the individual computers. Networked PCs are a great example. Tasks are accomplished at the computer and at other computers using communication. In the definition of a network the computer hardware is considered part of the user in this definition. The hardware used to connect to other computers is considered part of the protocol.

The Wainscott Weasel :: essays research papers

The Wainscott Weasel   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book is about a weasel named Bagley Brown Jr. He is a weasel and I noticed that the weasels color is the same as the last name. He is brown and he has a patch on his eye. He lives in the Wainscott Woods. His father is a legend because he made the Double B. The Double B is a quarter mile long tunnel that leads to a chicken farm. It feeds all the weasels in the Wainscott woods. Everybody treats him special and he hates it. All the weasels love to dance and at the spring cotillion a new girl came to the woods. Her name is Wendy Blackish and she is pretty high class. The whitebelly brothers were there too. The oldest, Zeke likes Wendy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They danced and she invited him to a tea dance. She went and got it and then on the way she met Bagley Brown Jr. She was sweating from dancing and asked to go to swim. they swam and then she gave him the invitation instead. After she left Bagley saw a striped fish and fell in love. Zeke found out and him and Bagley got in a fight. Bagley just gave him the invitation because of the striped fish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next day Bagley went to the pond and he saw the fish and they talked about bagleys patch. he got it when he was watching his dad make the tunnel. a owl came and got his dad and took his eye out. Bagley told the striped fish how he felt about her and she said they cant be together. She came back and then she said he shouldn’t come back to the pond. He kept his promise and didn’t come back, but he dropped bugs in the stream that led to the pond hoping she got them.

Contract Acceptance and Offer

Q1. Understanding the concept of contract is the important thing in answering this question. † A contract may be defined as an agreement between two or more parties that is intended to be legally binding†. This answer will highlight the main points to see the differences between an offer and an invitation to treat. † An offer may be defined as a statement of willingness to contract on specified terms made with the intention that, if accepted there will arise a binding contract†. On the other side, invitation to treat invites the other people to make an offer which can be accepted or rejected by the other party.To illustrate them we have to look in certain areas. First area is the display of goods where these are seen as an invitation to treat because shops are inviting people to make them an offer which can be accepted or rejected by the shopkeeper. Cases to supports this are Fisher v Bell and Pharmaceutical Society v Boots Chemists. Another area in which the sales of goods are treated as an invitation to treat is advertisement as seen in Partridge v Crittenden. However we have an exception. Case to support this is Carlill v Carbolic where a reward was attached to the advert.This case is treated as an offer because it can be accepted without any future negotiations. Another example where the term of offer is not good valuated we can find in sales of land area. Case to support this is Harvey v Facey where the court decided that between them was not a contract just a confusion regarding to the answer to enquiries, so was not an offer and not an invitation to treat. The last two areas where the court may presume that certain acts are invitation to treat is invitation to tender and auction sales.Cases which support the fact that invitation to tender is an invitation to treat are Spencer v Harding and Harvela Investments v Royal Trust. First case is illustrating that even you use the word offering in the context it doesn’t mean that is an offer. Second case highlights that the highest tender is going to be accepted . In the auction cases supported by Payne v Cave we can see that we can withdrew the highest bid before the acceptance of the auctioneer because at that point is no contract. Q2. According to contract law an â€Å"acceptance is a final and unqualified acceptance of the terms of an offer†.The concept of acceptance can be interpreted in more ways so we’ve got some rules. One of the rules highlights the fact that the acceptance has to match the offer. The person for who was addressed the offer has to accept all the terms of the offer. They can’t introduce new terms because this will be seen as a counter offer. Case to support this is Percy v Archital. A request for information about an offer it can’t be taken in consideration as a counter offer. Case to support this is Stevenson v McLean where the defendant by answering to some enquires was not doing a counter offer.Another imp ortant rule is when we have two parties with different standard terms. Case to support this is Butler Machine v Excell-o-Corp where is illustrated the fact that when an offer is made on a document with standard terms and the acceptance is coming on a document with another terms and we still delivery the item, means that we accept the second party terms. An acceptance is taking to consideration only if is communicated. Case to support this is Felthouse v Bindley where the claimant considered the silence of his nephew as an acceptance.To accept an offer we can follow the methods of acceptance when instantaneous methods of communication are used. In this case the contract takes place when and where the acceptance is received as seen in Entores v Miles Far case. If this is received out of normal office hours then acceptance will be valid from the start of the next working day. Case to support this is Brinkibon v Stahag. The only exception of the rule that acceptance must be communicated is the postal rule. This takes place only when is requested or when is an appropriate and reasonable way of communication between the parties.In this case the acceptance takes place when the letter of acceptance was posted not when was received as seen in Adam v Lindsell case. In case that the letter was sent but it has never arrived is still a valid acceptance. Case to support this is Household Insurance v Grant. Although is an exception of the rule, postal rule will not apply when the letter of acceptance was handed to intermediaries (London and Northern Bank), when the letter is not properly addressed, when the offeror specified that the acceptance must reach to him (Holwell Securities v Hughes) and when is unreasonable to use the post.Q3. Consideration is important element in the formation of a contract. It is usually described as being â€Å"something which represents a benefit for the person who is making a promise or a detriment for the person to whom the promise is made or both† . Case to support this is Currie v Misa. Related to the consideration are certain rules which we have to follow. First rule is that consideration must not be past as seen in Re McArdle case where the court supports the representative of the owner because the occupiers didn’t provide a good consideration.However we have some exception, case of Lampleigh v Braithwaite where the court decided that it can be a past consideration because the promise of payment came after the performance, so consideration was precede by a request which result a valid consideration. Another rule of the consideration is that it must move from the promise. This is seen in Tweddle v Atkinson case where the court decide that third parties can’t provide the consideration, hence is not having any rights from the agreement.An exception to this rule is Contract(Rights of Third Parties) Act 1990 which allows the third party to sue in case that the name it can be identified in the original contract. Case called Thomas v Thomas is one of the cases who is coming to support the rule where the consideration needs to be sufficient but not necessarily economically adequate . Court decided that in this case the rent of one pound which the widow was paying it was a sufficient consideration which is enough to form a contract.The following rule, performance of an existing public duty is not consideration, is seen in Collins v Godefroy case and wants to highlight the fact that if the people have a duty imposed by law to turn up, they have to do it without any promise of remuneration from the client because this is not consideration. However, we’ve got an exception Glasbrook v Glamorgan case where the statutory duty of the police was not sufficient consideration; they had gone beyond their existing duty. â€Å"Performance of an existing contractual duty is not consideration† it can be seen from different points of view.In the first case, Stilk v Myrick the fact tha t 2 mean deserted is not a good consideration in order to change the contract. However the case called Hartley v Ponsonby is different because 19 people deserted, which is more than half of the total sailors, hence a valid consideration, so the offer of Ponsonby and the acceptance of the crew can be considered a new contract. The next case, Williams v Roffey Brothers is coming with a different point of view because the benefit of not paying the penalty is seen as a consideration.The following case which I will present is about part payment of a debt. Case to support this is Pinnel v Cole where court decided that the payment of a small amount of money from the whole is not a satisfaction for the money lender, therefore the agreement to receive some money at the due date was not a contract because was no consideration. However we’ve got the case of Hirachand v Temple as an exception because the existing duty to make a payment was owned by a third party, hence was a good conside ration.The last part is about the equitable rule of promissory estoppel which â€Å"allows a contract to be enforced even through there is no consideration† as seen in Hughes v Metropolitan Railway case where the tenant was following what he promise but the landlord was enforcing his rights. This case was revised later in London Property v High Trees. Based on the facts that there is a promise that existing legal rights will not be enforced, there is an existing contract and the injured party relied on that promise, Lord Denning stated that the â€Å"Landlord was â€Å"estopped† from going back on his promise†.

Mcdonalds Marketing Communication Strategy Assignment

Marketing Communications Strategy – Our Marketing Communication Strategy will be mainly focussing on advertising and personal selling in the marketing communications mix, with a television commercial for advertising and in store marketing for personal selling. – The television commercial will be a short introduction of our product with associations of the season, surrounded with the McDonald feelings and sounds which come always with their commercials. The in store marketing consist of billboards in the stores of the new product and, which we think is very important, trained cashiers who are asking every customer, after they made their order, if they want to add the ‘Vla’ to their order. – We choose television because it’s relatively cheap to reach a very large audience. We think is important to let the whole country know about our product (product awareness). This product is for everybody in the Netherlands, although some segments will be pur chasing it more than others (families for example).With television we can bring the associations of the season with our product, which is valuable. We do not use television for direct-response purposes, but want to let the customer know about our product and make them curious. The next time they step into a McDonald’s branch they are aware and curious of the existing of the product and that will result in a higher chance that the customer purchase the ‘Vla’. – Furthermore we choose in store marketing because it’s a very effective and cheap way to let McDonald consumers purchase the ‘Vla’.We use it to reinforces the television commercial, because customers already notice the existence of the product, maybe are already benevolent to try the new product. If they see the product on billboards in the store and thereafter are asked proactively to them if they want to try the new product the chance that they will purchase the product will incr eases substantially. Now we can speak of a integrated marketing communication mix for our product. Summarize the main features of all the company's products. State what other products your company produces, and describe briefly where the new product fits into your existing product line. To start with, the products of McDonalds are fast food products which have consistent quality, are easy deliverable and consistent across all markets in their taste and their range of products. – McDonalds have a broad scale of products. The main food product is the hamburger. They serve it in different variants. Fish burgers, chicken nuggets, salads and fries complement the main products. – You can pick menus of these products, which comes with drinks or milkshakes. The Happy meal is worth mentioning, which is the popular menu for the kids. – Relatively new for McDonalds are the breakfast products. Then you have the Dessert products, where our product fits perfectly into. â€⠀œ If you look at the temporary Desserts of McDonalds we differentiate the McFlurry, Apple pie, Donut, Sundea Ice cream, Chocolate Muffin, Softice and Fresh Fruit. – We think our product ‘Vla’ will perfectly fits into the range of Dessert products McDonalds is serving at the moment. It a totally other product then the contemporary Dessert McDonalds serve. But more important: it’s already a popular, traditional Dutch, dessert and serving it in the McDonalds will be valued by the customers in different moods.Like customers who eating a menu and love to finish with the ‘Vla’, customers just walking by and order a ‘Vla’ for on the way and also not to forget: the kids will love the (smaller sized) Vla in their Happy Meal. It’s a healthier alternative then the other contemporary products except the fresh fruit. So parents are also more likable to choose this dessert for their children instead of the other more fat making desserts . SWOT Analyses: Strengths – What do you do well? – Holiday season associations – Bringing a typical Dutch dessert – Good quality/price ratio Good products in the McDonald’s strategy of serve worldwide similar products with in addition serve in every country local products that are influenced by the local kitchen. Our product is the local product influenced by the local culture. Weaknesses – What are you not so good at? Where might you need to improve? – Only holiday season (for the test phase, if it will succeed we will bring more seasonal Vla’s) – High cost of marketing with our form of marketing communication, the television commercials. Will we generate enough revenues from the dessert? – If we don’t capture the market, we will fail in advanceOpportunities – What's coming that might be an opportunity? – The timing of our product, in the season of ‘Sinterklaas’ and Chrismas. â €“ To convince tourists that they must try the traditional product ‘Vla’ as their Dessert. – Make our product ‘the’ traditional product of McDonald’s, which will be a classical McDonald Dessert in the next decennia. Threats – What's coming that might cause you problems? – Cannibalize the present Desserts of McDonalds that are available in the Netherlands. – Bring a product that is similar with products in supermarkets (Albert Heijn, Dirk van den Broek, C1000 etc).

High School and Goals Essay

Hello my name is Rick Brooks and this is my student story. What the on course book has helped me with the most is getting me to commit to my goals and dreams. I was once a bright eyed young high school student with the dreams of going to college and making something out of myself. My graduation year from High School was 1992, yes 20 years ago, and yes that makes me 38 years old. I grew up with a family of 5 having four siblings and just my father to raise us. Money was tight and going to a four year university was out of the question. Information about scholarships at my school was minimal. I began working full time and decided to go to college anyways. So in 1992 I enrolled at AB Tech Technical college. Working full time and not having a very good commitment to my goals and dreams, I did not do so well. I eventually dropped out after my third quarter. At this time I did not even know to drop my classes, I just stopped going, what a big mistake. I now have several F’s on my transcript from 1992. 20 years and one fifteen year old daughter later, I have began to achieve my goals and dreams again. This is where On Course Strategies for Creating Success in College and in Life came into my life. Upon starting the ACA 115 01 class I was very reluctant. I had already taken some college courses and had done well, at least until I dropped out. I figured that I did not need this class and I was pissed that the college was making me take it. When the class started on chapter 3, things began to make sense. I needed to design a compelling life plan. I had no idea how to do this. As I went on in the course, I starting figuring things out, things that I already knew I wanted, but thinks to On Course it started to all make sense. I needed to set goals. But how does one set goals, I thought that I knew how, but I did not. The book showed me how to use the DAPPS rule, which is dated, achievable, personal, positive and specific. I have since then set some goals and dreams for myself. I plan on graduation with my business degree from AB Tech college, that’s goal number one. Then I will pursue my dream. I want to open a bar and grill beachside in Key West FL. Before the On Course book I would have never thought these goals to be possible, but when I starting asking myself are these goals dated. Yes they are. I will graduate college in 2013. Are they achievable? Yes graduation is just around the corner and I have already taken a couple of trips to Key West to scope out the location for my restaurant. The book says that a goal should be at least 50 percent believable to me. It is now more like 75 percent believable to me now! Are my goals personal? Yes, nothing would satisfy me more the when I walk the stage and get my degree. I will be the first out of my four siblings (which are all grown now and not enrolled in college) to get a degree from college. I am motivated because these goals are mine and no one else’s. Are my goals positive? Yes, going through this course I realized that I should focus on what I want and not to focus on what I don’t want. Are my goals specific? Yes, my goals are specific. I will be able to measure my success when I get my degree next year. I only have six classes left, it’s been a long road, but a rewarding one. Whenever I start to stray from my course, I remember my goals and dreams. I have worked way too hard and have came way too far to give up now. My dreams are my motivation into the future, they will guide me from here on out. I am thankful for my dreams, and I am thankful for On Course for putting me on course to my life plan by showing me how to commit to my goals and dreams. Thank you On Course!

Diwali Is the Festival Closet to My Heart Essay

Diwali is the festival closest to my heart. It embraces all religions and it not only illuminates houses but also lives. This year was no different with my entire city karnal getting adorned over the last weekend to glowing LEDs while candles played a minor role in some houses. A significant and traditional part of this festival is crackers. They have only evolved over the years and presently you’ll be spoilt for choice shopping for them. However some enlightened minds have planted the seed of a polemic whether these crackers should be banned or not. India is witnessing a sorry state. In this country celebrities run over pedestrians and walk free. Ironically they run NGOs to assist the needy! A parallel can be drawn to politicians, bureaucrats and every member of the society. It is thus not surprising to find people squandering money all round the year but raising moral issues when it comes to bursting crackers. Some benevolent ones choose to abstain from them and do charity instead. What fails to pervade them is that these crackers are manufactured by dirt poor people who look forward to this festival all through the year for their livelihood. Why not do charity by purchasing their products? Another matter of grave concern is environmental pollution. Despite laws being enforced sound pollution hasn’t been curbed and the state police remain a mute spectator. The air pollution too is on a mammoth scale. But for a state topping the charts on the air pollution barometer, another drop in the ocean shouldn’t matter much. Diwali is the festival of lights and crackers constitute its focal point. The onus is upon us to celebrate responsibly by staying within the decibel limit. Otherwise we can keep these debates aside for one day and indulge in the ultimate aesthetic and entertaining aspect of this festival – crackers!

The spread of pathogens Week 7 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The spread of pathogens Week 7 - Coursework Example Some diseases such as HIV/AIDS and genital herpes are sexually transmitted diseases and their pathogens spread when the body service of infected persons touches that of a healthy person. Avoiding contacting body fluids from infected people can abate the spread through body contact. In addition, safe sexual intercourse should be encouraged to stop the spread of HIV/AIDs. Eating undercooked or raw food, or drinking water contaminated by sewage means you take huge numbers of pathogens straight to your stomach. In most cases, contaminated water contains cholera pathogens while contaminated food contains Salmonella. Living in hygienic conditions is a significant step towards preventing contamination of food and water. Additionally, foods should be properly cooked. Vectors are animals or insects that spread disease- causing pathogens from an infected host to a healthy one. In this case, the vector is not infected with the disease. Pathogens such as plasmodium (malaria) and dysentery are transmitted by mosquito and housefly respectively. Spread of pathogens through vectors can be reduced by preventing multiplication of vectors or completely eliminating them. Mosquito can be prevented by sleeping under treated mosquito

Choose one of the following Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choose one of the following - Essay Example It has been difficult to determine when this unique trait emerged, but they could have been on their feet before over 3 million-year-old Laetoli footprints were made (Reader and Andrew 413). The prints though did not bear semblance to that of modern, they were indeed those of a bipedal primate. Bipedalism Features They are the impressions of feet that lacked a distinctive human rounded ball, ors welling, at the base of the great toe, that had no well-defined arch, and that retained ever so slightly divergent great toes. Transformation from a quadrupedal knuckle walking to bipedalism involves various anatomical changes; development of longer legs angling of femur inwards, the feet develop an arch, the bigger toe is elongated, the pelvis is lowered, and it broadens. Additionally, the spinal cord of the hominid develops in such a manner that the vertebral bends frontward to sustain bipedalism traits. The Postural Feeding Hypothesis There are several competing hypotheses that have been p ut forward by anthropologists to explain the origin of bipedalism in hominids using non-human primates as referential models for our common ancestors. The postural feeding hypothesis (McGrew et al 282) explains bipedalism from an ecological view and explains the shared feeding behaviours exhibited by the chimpanzee and australopithecines are sufficiently common in other apes to influence anatomy. The hominids fed on relatively short trees and this gave them certain selection characters and instead adopting an upright posture and this lead to bipedalism. The other great apes for example chimpanzees do not have a straight gait and human straight gait is much more efficient than their bipedalism and quadrapedalism Hunt came up with the hypothesis after spending close to seven hundred hours observing chimpanzees in the wilderness in central Tanzania (Lewin 115). From his observation of these great apes in the wild, he found out that their feeding habits bordered on postural and this lea d to bipedalism. The hypothesis suggests that early hominids would reach out for fruits by dangling with the front limbs, and bipedalism was applied by grasping for an overhead branch. He found out that 80% of bipedalism was observed during chimpanzee feeding with arm hanging to stabilize the posture, this become the corner stone of the hypothesis. The australopithecines have shown adaptations of the torso form to arm hanging which infers that the apes adapted to arboreal bipedal fruit collection. A major basis of this hypothesis is the argument that the existence of bipedalism during certain aspects of life in extant apes provides evidence of the selective pressures that led to hominid bipedalism. According to this model, the early origin of bipedalism later evolved gradually into a habitual way of movement and this steadily led to bipedalism by the early man. Heat Hypothesis by Wheeler Peter Wheelers heat hypothesis proposes a thermoregulatory selective adaptation of bipedal homin ids to increased heat loss, increased cooling, condensed heat gain and condensed water necessities (McGrew et al 282). By adopting the bipedal posture, hominids were exposed to cooler air since the speed of wind is faster further away from the ground. Additionally, the

Comparision of Retirement Plans for employees working in the private Essay

Comparision of Retirement Plans for employees working in the private sector vs employees working in the public sector - Essay Example The similarities and differences in the retirement benefit plans, including taxation of pension as well as the profit sharing plans, between the private and the public sector are critically analyzed and explored in detail. According to Gucciardi (2009), the pension plans of the public sector workers are stable and offer the workers certainty during their retirement period. The public sector recently made changes in its plan to improve the benefits the personnel receive. The public sector employers are responsible for almost all the contributions made to the pension system on behalf of their employees. Generally, the public sector workers are responsible for less than one percent of the contribution costs with their employers responsible for in excess of 99 % (Gucciardi, 2009). The private sector pension plan is different from the public one in that it is mainly based on defined contributions, unlike the defined benefit employed by public sector. Majority of private sector employers provide their personnel with the defined contribution plans. On the other hand, the majority of the public sector employers provide their workers with defined benefit plans (Gucciardi, 2009). The public sector provides its employees with both the defined contribution as well as the defined benefit plan. Conversely, the current trend indicates that the private sector is shifting away from the defined benefit to defined contribution plan. Further, the public sector employees receive subsidized health insurance benefits upon retirement, whereas the private sector employers do not offer such benefits to their retirees (Falk, Acs, Carrington, Dahl, & Jimmy, 2012). The number of private sector employers providing medical benefits to the retiree has declined considerably in the past decade. Over this period, the public sector employers have increased their medical benefits to the retirees despite the challenge of getting adequate funds to meet the

Effects of discipline on children Annotated Bibliography

Effects of discipline on children - Annotated Bibliography Example The source will be useful in the classification of the various disciplinary actions and their effects on children behaviors during the research. The chapter â€Å"Discipline by Parents and Child Psychopathology† defines discipline and the various methods that are used to administer discipline in children including corporal punishments. It further analysis the effects including cultural and antisocial behavior that each discipline action is associated with particularly the psychological effects. The source is credible as it is written by accredited authors and uses primary data from its study to analyses the effects of discipline on children. It will be used by the research to distinguish disciplinary actions that have more effects compared to others. The article presents an analysis of the effects of physical punishment on children through the identification of patterns that have been used to implement disciplinary measures among children. It further analyses the possible positive effects of promoting nonviolent parenting. The source is credible as an accredited PhD holder author was behind the analysis. It will be used in the analysis and comparison of the effects of physical and nonviolent discipline among children/ GÃÆ' ¡mez-Guadix, M., Carrobles, J., Almendros, C., & FernÃÆ' ¡ndez-Alcaraz, C. (2010). Physical punishment and long-term consequences: the moderating role of parental context. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2093-2097. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.419 The article explores the long-term consequences of physical punishment on children including both behavioral and psychological problems. The study conducted indicated that physical punishment is related to negative outcomes irrespective of the parental context in which are applied. The source is credible as a university press published it and scholars conducted the study. It will be used in the analysis of long-term consequences